Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD) through Skin Patches

Metrology defines the standards of measurements that are utilized in all fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics and manufacturing (STEMM) and provides control for comparisons.

Prescribing such a standard for manmade apparatuses is mostly straight forward or, in indirect situations, may require regressive analysis. In drug administration systems, the development of such standards is highly desirable because human life is on the line and even miniscule errors have detrimental outcomes.

Ironically, the high urgency in the development of physiological standards is at best empirically derived from invasive tests and represented by model approximations. This error is due to the individuality of different members of the population, which stems from genetics, body weight, lifestyle, age and climate.

PDF LINK

Radiation Measurements without Posing the Inversion Problem

Radiation measurement is an exponential analysis, which is an “illposed” problem, where the solution is not unique. Therefore, the accuracy of data points is critical.

If the radiation detector is sensitive during the dead time, usually an extended dead time signal processing method is necessary and the calculation of the dead time and pile up rate invoke the inversion problem, which is difficult to solve, and only approximated.

We have used two new approaches, where the inversion problem is not posed, and there is no need to assume the Poisson distribution or constant source strength.

PDF LINK

Measurement and Characterization of Flexible Absorbing Materials for Applications in Wireless Communication

Absorbing materials are widely used in telecommunications, consumer electronics, aerospace, automotive electronics, medical equipment’s, industrial and defense applications, especially in the EMI and EMC reduction and antennapattern shaping. Two common types of absorbing materials are magnetic absorbers and foam absorbers.

Flexible Absorbing Materials

Magnetic absorbers are usually thin (0.1 to 3 mm) polymeric materials filled with magnetic particles. These materials usually have both high permeability and permittivity, and high magnetic loss and dielectric loss as well. Foam absorbers are consisted of open celled foam impregnated with a carbon coating. These foam absorbers often have larger thickness than magnetic absorbers and even larger thickness for outdoor applications. In this article, since our primary interest is in telecommunication systems, we focus on the measurement and characterization of thin, flexible magnetic absorbers only. Read more>>>>>>

Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD) through Skin Patches

Metrology defines the standards of measurements that are utilized in all fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics and manufacturing (STEMM) and provides control for comparisons.

Prescribing such a standard for manmade apparatuses is mostly straight forward or, in indirect situations, may require regressive analysis. In drug administration systems, the development of such standards is highly desirable because human life is on the line and even miniscule errors have detrimental outcomes.

Ironically, the high urgency in the development of physiological standards is at best empirically derived from invasive tests and represented by model approximations.

PDF LINK

Radiation Measurements without Posing the Inversion Problem

In X-ray spectrometry with solid state detectors there are serious discrepancies and contradictions in theX-ray database and X-ray measurements. It is instructional to look at the scatter of the data in the recent compilation of proton induced experimental L-shell cross section.

Radiation Measurements

It is quite obvious that one of the main reasons for the scatter is that the signal-processors are not supplying the necessary information. The signal from the detector preamplifier system has contributions from real events, noise triggered events, incompletely developed pulses, electronic disturbances. These additional processes have their own time distribution, not necessarily Poisson in nature. Discriminators are necessary to remove events from unrelated processes as well as to make a better quality spectrum for analysis. Discriminators are meant to discriminate against some events but the number of discriminated events depends on the knowledge and experience of the user / analyst, the constancy of noise and electric disturbances, input rates and events with other origins. Read more>>>>>>>

The Development of PM2.5 Standard Aerosol Generator Based on PGSS Method

The standard aerosol generation is important for the PM2.5 monitors calibration. Various techniques are known for aerosol generation such as Atomization method, Fluidized Bed methodand Agglutination method.

Aerosol Generator

However, the limitations of these traditional methods must be focused that Atomization method could only be applied to powder materials dissolved easily in liquid, the Fluidized Bed method is well known for the unevenly distributed aerosol particles, and the Agglutination method is only applicable to the particular materials with reaction characteristic. A new approach is therefore needed in the generation of PM2.5 standard aerosol. The generation of nano-micron particles based on supercritical fluids, especially the PGSS approach, has made a great progress in recent years. Read more>>>>>>> 

Biometrology in Tissue Engineering: Thoughts and Concepts

The range of measurement techniques have increased in number and quality in recent decades. Qualitative methods have been increasingly applied to research in biological and health fields. However, Biotechnology and more specifically Tissue Engineering havereached a point that requires a step further.

Tissue Engineering

This step will be the adoption of Metrology (metrological standardization and metrological traceability) as a fundamental practice in scientific research and development of new therapeutic approaches. Some of the experience acquired from the production of medical devices and ontological instruments could be applied both for scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies in Tissue Engineering. Metrological rules can be applied not only for biomaterials but also for tissues built in vitro, as a form of control for tissue maturation. The whole concept of Biometrology should be established as a research field, supporting future research and emerging health therapies, including Tissue Engineering. Read more>>>>>